Radio, Recording and Popular Music

chapter vii


Radio Today:

• Consolidation of the radio industry.
• few companies owning many stations.
• Advertisements generate the majority of revenue.
• Competition between satellite radio and the internet.
• Streaming programs.
• Spectrum scarcity: frequencies are not available for anyone.
• Radio is influential.

Satellite Radio:

• it started 2001
• requires subscription.
• appeals to commuters.
• losing money at the moment.
• facing competition from traditional radio and the internet.

Advantages of Radio:

• Portability.
• Supplemental.
• Universality.
• Selectivity.
• Flexibility.

MUSIC INDUSTRY:

• Music business is most affected by the introduction of the internet.
• People have different tastes and music has a lot of genres.
• Talented artists at the top are the ones making most of the money.
• Music industry is mostly supported by audience purchases and not advertising.

Timeline:

1960s: Cassettes.

1983: CDs.

1997: DVDs

2000: MP3

2001: Internet

2006: iTunes.

Trends of Music Industry:

• 1970s was the BOOM in music industry.
• CDs had a greater profit.
• iTunes claim that they have 10 billion stored songs.
• illegal file sharing.

Record Industry Organisations:

1. Talent: artist.
2. Production: recorded then promoted.
3. Distribution: stores.
4. Retail: record stores sales declined.

Music Economics: 

• It is a very competitive business.
• Few companies control 85% of the market.
• 1 billion CDs sold yearly.
• 55% of music are bought by people over 30.
• Male and female equally purchase music.

Media Consumed this Week:

1. Social media.
2. Internet blogs.

Movies and the Impact of Images

chapter vi

• Images have a powerful impact on us.
• Images we see, stay with us for a long time.
• Movies detach us from reality.
• Movies' plots, engage us in the story.

Verticale Intergration:

1. Production
2. Distribution
3. Exhibition

Production:

• casting
• art
• set
• makeup
• controlled by studios 
• scripting

Distribution:

• from studio to audience.
• produce ads to promote.
• theaters 
• cinemas 
• DVDs
• TV
• pay per view
• video on demand.

Exhibition:

• showing of the movie
• start to show in theaters.
• the cinema generate the most revenue
• it consists of 12-18 screens.

Movie Producers:

• account or 80-90% of box office revenue.
• eg: fox and disney.

Film's Economic Division:

• Synergy: the promotion and sale of a product throughout the varios subsidiaries pf a media conglomerate. 

Trends in Movie Making:

• Concept films:
• movies with a particular theme.
• Audience research:
• involving the audience before the movie is produced.
• Sequels:
• Pirates of the Caribbean, batman...etc.
• Remakes:
• The Lion King.
• Franchises:
• Harry Potter, James Bond.
• Product placement:
• intentionally advertising products in the movie.

Magazines

chapter v

• Magazine publishers rely heavily on advertising revenue.
• The internet had a huge effect on magazines since more people are reading online editions than the print ones.
• Publishers rely on cost effective online editions that take advantage of the internet and mobile media. 

Magazine Content:

1. 45% editorial content.
2. 55% advertisements.

Magazine Types and Trends:

• General content.
• Specialisation.

Magazines have highly diverse content as well as audience.


Expansion:

•  The spread of magazines to become the first national medium.
• The rise in literacy rates.
• The industrialisation and rise in wages.
• Having more efficient transportation.
• The effect of social movement such as labor reform and women's rights.

Magazines spread highly starting the 1800s till TV started to be broadcasted around the 1950s.


Magazines and Democracy:

• They are a part of our culture.
• 1,000 new magazines yearly.
• 17k published magazines yearly.
• It played a role in politics.
• Ownership by a few Publishers. 
• less affective by daily pressure, offers more insight and analysis.
• Webzines: online magazines.

Magazines and Advertisement:

• Total revenue: $30 billlion.
• Consumer report: zero ads.
• 80% of the US population read magazines.
• Publishers lower issue price and recoup costs through ads.

Advantages for online Magazines:

• Fast feedback through comments and emails.
• Available before print issues.
• Online editions can be easily edited.
• They are cheaper to produce than paper copies.

Main Characteristics of Magazines:

• attract specialised audience.
• In tune with social ,demographic and economic trends.
• They influence social trends. eg. playboy, webmd.

Magazine Economics:

• Production and technology:
• Desktop publishing: format.
• Satellite technology.
• Editorial Content:
• Publisher.
• Editor-in-chief.
• Managing editor.
• Advertising and Sales:
• Promoting.
• Ads.
• research.
• Circulation and distribution:
• Single copy
• Subscription.
• Secure new clients.

How does Magazines make Money?

• Subscriptions: 68%
• long term contracts.
• cheapening it for costumers.
• Single copy sales:
• copies sold at the newsstand.
• Controlled circulation:
• free magazines in hotels.

Important Terms:

1. Complementary copy: positive content about an ad.
2. Ad-pull policy: advertisers review an advanced copy of a magazine before publishing.
3. Advertorials: ads that take the appearance of editorial content.
4. Magalogue: catalogues designed to look like magazines.

Media consumed this week:

• Magazines
• Social media
• Books
• Internet

Newspapers

chapter iv

Newspapers are an integral part of daily life.
They are an indispensable part of modern media.
They are tied to our culture.
They help us make daily choices.
They inform and entertain.
They assure us about safety and security.
They are credible and trustworthy.

History of the Newspapers:
The Fist Amendment in the US Constitution emphasises on the Freedom of speech and the freedom of the press.

• early newspapers in the USA were highly politicised.
•   independence struggle against the British.
• free press was not endorsed by the British.
• debate over the creation of the new country.

Competition

• 10,000 newspapers are produced in the US today.
• the rise of the penny papers.
• increase reporting of crime.
• coverage of civil war.

Yellow Journalism

• sensational reporting covering human interest stories.
• layout of newspapers changed including bold highlights.
• dramatic reporting.
• signalled the beginning of investigative journalism.

Models of Print Journalism

• shifted from reporting to story telling.
• facts became markable products.
• objective reporting gave it credibility, expanding costumer base.
• maintain neutral attitude. 

Circulation and daily newspapers are declining.

USA Today is a relatively new but wide spread newspaper in the US.

Online News

• fast, up to date.
• (breaking news, news from the field)
• interactive.
• emails
• videos.
• incorporate user-generated content.

Newspaper Business

• consolidation of newspaper industry.
• concentrating on the newspaper industry.
• understand demographics to tailor content and advertising.
• social class, age group...
• court readers.
• readers look for news.
• competition for advertising dollars with online stores. 

2009 online newspapers became more readable than print newspapers.

Advertisement

• newspapers declined
• internet increased 
• T.V slight increase with major stability.

Media Consumed this Week:

• social media.
• online newspapers.
• the internet.